Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries

Index of Botanical Specimens

Name	Spirogyra Link
Authorship	Link
Rank	Genus
NomenclaturalStatus	NomCons
Placed in	Zygnemataceae Kützing
Contains	Spirogyra abbreviata Zheng Spirogyra acanthophora (Skuja) Czurda Spirogyra acumbentis Vodenicarov Spirogyra adjerensis Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra adnata (Vaucher) Kützing Spirogyra adornata Ling Spirogyra aequinoctialis G. S. West Spirogyra affinis (Hassall) Petit Spirogyra africana (F. E. Fritsch) Czurda Spirogyra ahmedabadensis Kamat Spirogyra alpina Kützing Spirogyra alternata Kützing Spirogyra ampla (C.-C.Jao) Willi Krieger Spirogyra amplectens Skuja Spirogyra ampliata L. Liu Spirogyra anadpurensis Ropar Spirogyra anchora Skuja Spirogyra angolensis Welwitsch Spirogyra angulata Nipkow Spirogyra anomala Bhashyakarla Rao Spirogyra anzygoapora Singh Spirogyra aphanosculpta Skuja Spirogyra aplanospora Randhawa Spirogyra arcta (C.Agardh) Endlichter Spirogyra arcuata Liu Spirogyra areolata Lagerheim Spirogyra arizonensis Rickert & Hoshaw Spirogyra arta C.-C.Jao Spirogyra arthuri Woodhead & Tweed Spirogyra articulata Transeau Spirogyra asiatica Czurda Spirogyra atasiana Czurda Spirogyra atrobrunnea Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra aubvillei Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra australica Czurda Spirogyra australiensis K. Möbius Spirogyra austriaca Czurda Spirogyra azygospora Singh Spirogyra baileyi Schmidle Spirogyra baradwjae Ludhiana Spirogyra batekiana Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra bellis (Hassall) P. Crouan & H. Crouan Spirogyra bicalyptrata Czurda Spirogyra bichromatophora (Randhawa) Transeau Spirogyra biformis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra biharensis A.M.Verma & B.Kumari Spirogyra bii Kadlubowska Spirogyra bireticulata Liu Spirogyra borealis Zheng & Ling Spirogyra borgeana Transeau Spirogyra borgei Kadlubowska Spirogyra borkuense Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra borysthenica Kasanowsky & Smirnov Spirogyra bourrellyana Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra braziliensis (Nordstedt) Transeau Spirogyra britannica Godward Spirogyra brunnea Czurda Spirogyra buchetii Petit Spirogyra bullata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra calcarea Transeau Spirogyra calchaquiesiae B.Tracanna Spirogyra californica Stancheva, J.D.Hall, McCourt & Sheath Spirogyra calospora Cleve Spirogyra canaliculata Segar Spirogyra cardinia S. H. Lewis Spirogyra caroliniana G.E.Dillard Spirogyra castanacea G.C.Couch Spirogyra cataeniformis (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra catenaeformis (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra cavata Vodenicarov Spirogyra chakiaensis (Bhashyakarla Rao) Kreiger Spirogyra chandigarhensis Spirogyra chekiangensis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra chenii C.-C.Jao Spirogyra chungkingensis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra chuniae C.-C.Jao Spirogyra circumcissa Czurda Spirogyra circumlineata Transeau Spirogyra clavata Segar Spirogyra cleveana Transeau Spirogyra colligata Hodgetts Spirogyra collinsii (I. F. Lewis) Printz Spirogyra columbiana Czurda Spirogyra communis (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra condensata (Vaucher) Kützing Spirogyra congolensis Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra conspicua Gay Spirogyra convoluta Spirogyra corrugata Transeau Spirogyra costata Kadlubowska Spirogyra costulata Kadlubowska Spirogyra coumbiana Czurda Spirogyra crassa (Kützing) Kützing Spirogyra crassispina C.-C.Jao Spirogyra crassiuscula (Wittrock & Nordstedt) Transeau Spirogyra crassivallicularis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra crassoidea Transeau Spirogyra crenulata Singh Spirogyra croasdaleae Blum Spirogyra cupientis D.G.Vodenicharov & I.K.Kiryakov Spirogyra cyanosporum Spirogyra cylindrica Czurda Spirogyra cylindrosperma (West & G.S.West) Krieger Spirogyra cylindrospora West & G.S.West Spirogyra czubinskii Kadlubowska Spirogyra czurdae Misra Spirogyra czurdiana Kadlubowska Spirogyra dacimina (O. F. Müller) Kützing Spirogyra daedalea Lagerheim Spirogyra daedaleoides Czurda Spirogyra danica Kadlubowska Spirogyra decima \N Spirogyra decimina (O. F. Müller) Dumortier Spirogyra densa Kützing Spirogyra denticulata Transeau Spirogyra dentireticulata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra desikacharyensis Rattan Spirogyra dialyderma Ling & Zheng Spirogyra dicephala C.-C.Jao & H.Z.Zhu Spirogyra dictyospora C.-C.Jao Spirogyra dicyozygotica H.R.Chu & W.C.Chu Spirogyra diluta H. C. Wood Spirogyra dimorpha Liu Spirogyra discoidea Transeau Spirogyra discreta Transeau Spirogyra distenta Transeau Spirogyra diversizygotica (V.I.Polyanskij) L.A.Rundina Spirogyra djalonensis Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra djiliense Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra dodgeana Spirogyra drilonensis Petkoff Spirogyra dubia Kützing Spirogyra echinata Tiffany Spirogyra echinospora Blum Spirogyra eillipsospora Transeau Spirogyra elegans Wollny Spirogyra elegantissima Y.J.Ling & Y.M.Zheng Spirogyra ellipsospora Transeau Spirogyra elliptica C.-C.Jao Spirogyra elongata (Vaucher) Kützing Spirogyra emilianensis Bonhomme Spirogyra endogranulata O.Bock & W.Bock Spirogyra esthonica (Skuja) Czurda Spirogyra exilis West & G.S.West Spirogyra fallax (Hansgirg) Wille Spirogyra farlowii Transeau Spirogyra fassula Zheng Spirogyra favosa Y.-X.Wei & Y.-K.Yung Spirogyra fennica Cedercreutz Spirogyra ferruginea H.W.Liang Spirogyra flavescens (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra flavicans Kützing Spirogyra floridana Transeau Spirogyra fluviatilis Hilse Spirogyra formosa (Transeau) Czurda Spirogyra fossa C.-C.Jao Spirogyra fossicola C.-C.Jao & Chian Spirogyra fossulata C.-C.Jao & Hu Spirogyra foveolata (Skuja) Czurda Spirogyra fragilis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra franconica O.Bock & W.Bock Spirogyra frankliniana Tiffany Spirogyra frigida F. Gay Spirogyra fritschiana Czurda Spirogyra fuellebornei Schmidle Spirogyra fukienica Wei Spirogyra fuzhouensis H. J. Hu Spirogyra gallica Petit Spirogyra gaterslebensis Reith Spirogyra gauthier-lievrae Kadlubowska Spirogyra gauthieri Gayral Spirogyra gharbensis Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra ghosei Singh Spirogyra gibberosa C.-C.Jao Spirogyra glabra Czurda Spirogyra gobonensis Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra goetzei Schmidle Spirogyra gracilis Kützing Spirogyra granulata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra gratiana Transeau Spirogyra grevilleana (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra groenlandica Rosenvinge Spirogyra grossii Schmidle Spirogyra guangchowensis Zhu & Zhong Spirogyra guineense Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra gujaratensis Kamat Spirogyra gurdaspurensis Rattan Spirogyra haimenensis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra hantzschii Rabenhorst Spirogyra hartigii (Kützing) De Toni Spirogyra hassalii (Jenner) Petit Spirogyra hassallii (Jenner) P. Crouan & H. Crouan Spirogyra hatillensis Transeau Spirogyra heeriana Nägeli Spirogyra henanensis (L. J. Bi) L. J. Bi Spirogyra herbipolensis O.Bock & W.Bock Spirogyra heterospora Liu Spirogyra hoehnei O.Borge Spirogyra hoehni \N Spirogyra hoggarica (Gauthier-Lièvre) Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra hollandiae Taft Spirogyra hopeiensis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra hui L. C. Li Spirogyra hunanensis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra hungarica Langer Spirogyra hyalina Cleve Spirogyra hydrodicta Transeau Spirogyra hymerae Britton & B.H.Smith Spirogyra illinoisensis Transeau Spirogyra inconstans Collins Spirogyra incrassata Czurda Spirogyra indica Krieger Spirogyra inflata (Vaucher) Dumortier Spirogyra insignis (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra insueta Zhu & Zhong Spirogyra intorta C.-C.Jao Spirogyra ionia Wade Spirogyra irregularis Nägeli ex Kützing Spirogyra ivorensis Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra iyengarii Kadlubowska Spirogyra jaoensis Randhawa Spirogyra jaoi S.H.Ley Spirogyra jassiensis (Teodoresco) Czurda Spirogyra jatobae Transeau Spirogyra jogensis Iyengar Spirogyra juergensii Kützing Spirogyra jugalis (Dillwyn) Kützing Spirogyra juliana Stancheva, J.D.Hall, McCourt & Sheath Spirogyra kaffirita Transeau Spirogyra kamatii Kamat Spirogyra karnalae Randhawa Spirogyra kiratpurensis Spirogyra kolae Hajdu Spirogyra koreana J.-H.Kim, Y.H.Kim, & I.K.Lee Spirogyra krubergii V.J.Poljanski Spirogyra kundaensis Singh Spirogyra kuusamoensis Hirn Spirogyra labbei Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra labyrinthica Transeau Spirogyra lacustris Czurda Spirogyra lagerheimii Wittrock Spirogyra laka Kützing Spirogyra lallandiae Taft Spirogyra lambertiana Transeau Spirogyra lamellata (Bhashyakarla Rao) Krieger Spirogyra lamellosa C.-C.Jao Spirogyra lapponica Lagerheim Spirogyra latireticulata Zheng & Ling Spirogyra latviensis Czurda Spirogyra laxa Kützing Spirogyra laxistrata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra lenticularis Transeau Spirogyra lentiformis L. J. Bi Spirogyra liana Transeau Spirogyra lians Transeau Spirogyra libyca Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra lineata \N Spirogyra lismorensis Playfair Spirogyra lodziensis Kadlubowska Spirogyra lohandensis Spirogyra longata (Vaucher) Kützing Spirogyra longifissa Wei Spirogyra lubrica Kützing Spirogyra lucknowensis (Prasad & Dutta) Kadlubowska Spirogyra ludhianensis Spirogyra lushanensis L. C. Li Spirogyra luteospora Czurda Spirogyra lutetiana Petit Spirogyra lymerae Britton & Smith Spirogyra macrospora (C. B. Rao) Krieger Spirogyra maghrebiana Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra maior Kützing Spirogyra major Kützing Spirogyra majuscula Kützing Spirogyra malmeana Hirn Spirogyra manormae Randhawa Spirogyra mantonii Spirogyra maravillosa Transeau Spirogyra marchica H. Krieger Spirogyra margalefii Aboal & Llimona Spirogyra margaritata Wollny Spirogyra marocana Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra maxima (Hassall) Wittrock Spirogyra megaspora Transeau Spirogyra meridionalis W.J.Zhu & Zhong Spirogyra miamiana Taft Spirogyra microdictyon C.-C.Jao & Hu Spirogyra microgranulata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra micropunctata Transeau Spirogyra microspora C.-C.Jao Spirogyra mienningensis L. C. Li Spirogyra minor (Schmidle) Transeau Spirogyra minuticrassoidea Yamagishi Spirogyra minutifossa C.-C.Jao Spirogyra mirabilis (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra miranda Kadlubowska Spirogyra mirifica Zheng & Ling Spirogyra mithalaensis A.M.Verma & B.Kumari Spirogyra moebii Transeau Spirogyra moheshwarii Spirogyra monodiana Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra montserrati Margalef Spirogyra multiconjugata N.C.Ferrer & E.J.Cáceres Spirogyra multiformis Kadlubowska Spirogyra multistrata Zheng & Ling Spirogyra multitrata Zheng & Ling Spirogyra mutabilis C.-C.Jao & H.J.Hu Spirogyra naegelii Kützing Spirogyra narcissiana Transeau Spirogyra natchita Transeau Spirogyra nawaschinii Kasanofsky Spirogyra necopinata Margalef Spirogyra neglecta (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra neorhizobranchialis C.-C.Jao & Zheng Spirogyra nitida (Dillwyn) Link Spirogyra nodifera O.Bock & W.Bock Spirogyra notabilis Taft Spirogyra nova-angliae Transeau Spirogyra novae-angliae Transeau Spirogyra nyctigama Taft Spirogyra oblata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra oblonga Liu Spirogyra obovata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra occidentalis (Transeau) Czurda Spirogyra oligocarpa C.-C.Jao Spirogyra olivascens Rabenhorst Spirogyra ollicola C.-C.Jao & Zhong Spirogyra oltmannsii Huber-Pestalozzi Spirogyra orbicularis Kützing Spirogyra orientalis West & G.S.West Spirogyra orthospira Nägeli Spirogyra ouarsenica Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra oudhensis Randhawa Spirogyra ovigera Montagne Spirogyra pachyderma Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra palghatensis Erady Spirogyra paludosa Czurda Spirogyra papulata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra paradoxa Bhashyakarla Rao Spirogyra paraguayensis O.Borge Spirogyra parva (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra parvispora H. C. Wood Spirogyra parvula (Transeau) Czurda Spirogyra pascheriana Czurda Spirogyra patliputri A.M.Verma & B.Kumari Spirogyra peipeingensis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra peipingensis \N Spirogyra pellucida (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra perforans Transeau Spirogyra plena (West & G.S.West) Czurda Spirogyra poljanskii Kadlubowska Spirogyra polymorpha Kirchner Spirogyra polytaeniata Strasburger Spirogyra porangabae Transeau Spirogyra porticalis (O. F. Müller) Dumortier Spirogyra pratensis Transeau Spirogyra prescottii Transeau Spirogyra princeps (Vaucher) Link ex Meyen Spirogyra proavita Langer Spirogyra prolifica Kamat Spirogyra propria Transeau Spirogyra protecta H. C. Wood Spirogyra pseudoaedaloides Kadlubowska Spirogyra pseudobellis W.J.Zhu & Zhong Spirogyra pseudocorrugata Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra pseudocylindrica Prescott Spirogyra pseudofloridana Prescott Spirogyra pseudogibberosa Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra pseudogranulata Ley Spirogyra pseudojuergensii H. Silva Spirogyra pseudomaiuscula Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra pseudomajuscula Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra pseudomaxima Kadlubowska Spirogyra pseudoneglecta Czurda Spirogyra pseudonodifera O.Bock & W.Bock Spirogyra pseudoplena Liu Spirogyra pseudopulchrata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra pseudoreticulata Kreiger Spirogyra pseudorhizopus L. J. Bi Spirogyra pseudosahnii Kadlubowska Spirogyra pseudospreeiana C.-C.Jao Spirogyra pseudosubreticulata Rickert & Hoshaw Spirogyra pseudotenuissima O.Bock & W.Bock Spirogyra pseudotetrapla Kadlubowska Spirogyra pseudotexensis Bourrelly Spirogyra pseudovarians Czurda Spirogyra pseudovenusta Liu & Wei Spirogyra pseudowoodii V.J.Poljanski Spirogyra pulchella (H. C. Wood) H. C. Wood Spirogyra pulchrifigurata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra punctata Cleve Spirogyra puncticulata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra punctiformis Transeau Spirogyra punctulata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra quadrata (Hassall) P. Petit Spirogyra quadrilaminata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra quezelii Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra quilonensis Kothari Spirogyra quinina Kützing Spirogyra quinquilaminata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra randhawae Krieger Spirogyra rattanii Kadlubowska Spirogyra rectangularis Transeau Spirogyra rectispira Merriman Spirogyra reflexa Transeau Spirogyra regularis (Cedercreutz) Krieger Spirogyra reinhardi \N Spirogyra reinhardii Chmielevsky [Chmielewski] Spirogyra reticulata Nordstedt Spirogyra reticulatum Randhawa Spirogyra reticuliana Randhawa Spirogyra rhizobrachialis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra rhizobranchialis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra rhizoides Randhawa Spirogyra rhizopus C.-C.Jao Spirogyra rivularis (Hassall) Rabenhorst Spirogyra robusta (Nygaard) Czurda Spirogyra rugosa (Transeau) Czurda Spirogyra rugulosa Iwanoff Spirogyra sahnii Randhawa Spirogyra salina Aleem Spirogyra salmonispora N.C.Ferrer & E.J.Cáceres Spirogyra sarmae M.Singh & M.Srivastava Spirogyra schimidtii West & G.S.West Spirogyra schmidtii West & G.S.West Spirogyra schweickerdtii Cholonky Spirogyra scripta Nygaard Spirogyra scrobiculata (Stockmayer) Czurda Spirogyra sculpta Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra semiornata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra senegalensis Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra setiformis (Roth) Kützing Spirogyra shantungensis L. C. Li Spirogyra shanxiensis Zheng & Ling Spirogyra shenzaensis Zheng Spirogyra siamensis Transeau Spirogyra siberica Skvortzov Spirogyra silesiaca Kadlubowska Spirogyra silvicola M. E. Britton Spirogyra sinensis L. C. Li Spirogyra singularis Nordstedt Spirogyra sirogonioides E. O. Hughes Spirogyra skujae Randhawa Spirogyra skvortzowii Willi Kreiger Spirogyra smithii Transeau Spirogyra sp. Spirogyra speciosa Liu Spirogyra sphaerica (Misra) Willi Krieger Spirogyra sphaerocarpa C.-C.Jao Spirogyra sphaerospora Hirn Spirogyra spinescens Kirjakov Spirogyra splendida G. S. West Spirogyra spreeiana Rabenhorst Spirogyra stictica (Smith) Wille Spirogyra subaequa Kützing Spirogyra subaffinis F.E.Fritsch & M.F.Rich Spirogyra subarta C.-C.Jao Spirogyra subbullata Kadlubowska Spirogyra subcolligata L. J. Bi Spirogyra subcrassa Woronchin Spirogyra subcrassiuscula L. J. Bi Spirogyra subcylindrospora C.-C.Jao Spirogyra subechinata Godward Spirogyra subfossulata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra subglabra Zheng & Ling Spirogyra sublambertiana Zhao Spirogyra subluteospora C.-C.Jao & Hu Spirogyra submajuscula Ling & Zheng Spirogyra submargaritata Godward Spirogyra submarina (Collins) Transeau Spirogyra submaxima Transeau Spirogyra subobovata Chian Spirogyra subpapulatata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra subpellucida C.-C.Jao Spirogyra subpolytaeniata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra subpratensis Woronichin Spirogyra subreflexa Liang & Wang Spirogyra subreticulata F. E. Fritsch Spirogyra subsalina Cedercreutz Spirogyra subsalsa Kützing Spirogyra subsalso-punctatulata (Krasnoperova) Kadlubowska Spirogyra subtropica Chian Spirogyra suburbana C.-C.Jao Spirogyra subvariformis L. J. Bi Spirogyra subvelata Kreiger Spirogyra subverruculosa Liu Spirogyra subweberi Wang Spirogyra suecica Transeau Spirogyra sulcata Blum Spirogyra sundanensis Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra suomaniana Transeau Spirogyra superba L. Liu Spirogyra supervarians Transeau Spirogyra szechwanensis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra taftiana Transeau Spirogyra taiyuanensis Ling Spirogyra tandae Randhawa Spirogyra taylorii C.-C.Jao Spirogyra tenuior (Transeau) Krieger Spirogyra tenuispina Rundina Spirogyra tenuissima (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra teodoresci Transeau Spirogyra ternata Ripart Spirogyra tetrapla Transeau Spirogyra texensis Taft Spirogyra theobaldii Kützing Spirogyra tibetensis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra tjibodensis Faber Spirogyra tolosana Comère Spirogyra torta Blum Spirogyra torulosa Kützing Spirogyra trachycarpa Skuja Spirogyra transeauiana C.-C.Jao Spirogyra triplicata (Collins) Transeau Spirogyra trochainii Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra tropica Kützing Spirogyra tsingtaoensis L. C. Li Spirogyra tuberculata Lagerheim Spirogyra tuberculosa Liang & Wang Spirogyra tucumaniae B.Tracanna Spirogyra tumida C.-C.Jao Spirogyra turfosa F. Gay Spirogyra tuwensis R.J.Patel & C.K.Asok Kumar Spirogyra ugandense Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra unduliseptum Randhawa Spirogyra urbana C.-C.Jao & Zhong Spirogyra van-zantenii Cholonky Spirogyra variabilis C.-C.Jao & Hu Spirogyra varians (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra variaspora Rickert & Hoshaw Spirogyra variformis Transeau Spirogyra varshaii Prasad & Dutta Spirogyra vasishtii Rattan Spirogyra velata Nordstedt Spirogyra venkataramanii Rattan Spirogyra venosa Kadlubowska Spirogyra venusta C.-C.Jao Spirogyra vermiculata C.-C.Jao & H.J.Hu Spirogyra verrucogranulata I.C A.Dias & C.E.de M.Bicudo Spirogyra verrucosa (C. B. Rao) Krieger Spirogyra verruculosa C.-C.Jao Spirogyra visenda Transeau Spirogyra voltaica Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra wabashensis Tiffany Spirogyra wangii L. C. Li Spirogyra weberi Kützing Spirogyra weishuiensis Ling & Zheng Spirogyra weletischii West & G.S.West Spirogyra welwitschii West & G.S.West Spirogyra westii Transeau Spirogyra willei Skuja Spirogyra wollnyi De Toni Spirogyra woodsii (Hassal) Czurda Spirogyra wrightiana Transeau Spirogyra wuchanensis C.-C.Jao & H.-J.Hu Spirogyra wuhanensis C.-C.Jao & H.-J.Hu Spirogyra xiangshanensis Liang & Wang Spirogyra xiaoganensis Liu Spirogyra xinxiangensis L. J. Bi Spirogyra yexianensis L. J. Bi Spirogyra yuin S.Skinner & Entwisle Spirogyra yunnanensis L. C. Li
Remarks	Lectotype Species.: S. porticalis (O. F. Mueller) Cleve (Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal. ser. 3. 6(11): 22. 1868) (Conferva porticalis O. F. Mueller) (vide Silva, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 25: 252. 1952)
Citation	1820 [1-8 Feb 1820] Horae Phys. Berol. 5